The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) fee, mandated by the Affordable Care Act (ACA), requires health insurance issuers and sponsors of self-insured health plans to report and pay an annual fee to fund patient-centered outcomes research. These fees are due by July 31st of the calendar year following the last day of the plan year. Reporting is done via IRS Form 720, specifically on Part II, Line 133. The fee amount is calculated by multiplying an annually adjusted rate (e.g., $3.22 or $3.47 for plan years ending in 2024) by the average number of "covered lives" under the policy or plan, which can be determined using methods like actual count, snapshot, or Form 5500. Employers with self-insured plans are typically responsible for filing and payment, while insurers handle it for fully insured plans.